Seems like the driver for your RAID controller was removed with 5.5, so while the upgrade retained the 5.1 driver, a fresh install did not come with it and thus your host doesn't see the volumes or controller at all.
The HCL also states that the 71605 controller models are only supported until 5.1:
http://www.vmware.com/resources/compatibility/search.php?deviceCategory=io
Anyways, you can still try to install the latest 5.1 aacraid driver and it should work. Download the driver from:
If you have an adp80xx driver based controller, use this bundle (or just both):
https://my.vmware.com/group/vmware/details?downloadGroup=DT-ESXI5X-PMC-ADP80XX-1000234&productId=229
Extract the offline bundle file (aacraid-1.2.1.30300-offline_bundle-1317067.zip) contained in the outside archive and install it on your host with:
esxcli software vib install -d /tmp/aacraid-1.2.1.30300-offline_bundle-1317067.zip
(also see VMware KB: Installing async drivers on ESXi 5.0/5.1/5.5 )